For if the method can no longer be regarded as the procedural guarantee for the truth and objectivity of the discipline, what could, so an influential argument ran (Bernstein 1983, Megill 1994)? A phenomenological model is a scientific model that describes the empirical relationship of phenomena to each other, in a way which is consistent with fundamental theory, but is not directly derived from theory. Moreover, the reduction in number of steps also raises the comparative importance of the aspect of creation. Maslow (1962) stated that peak experiences release a person “for greater creativity, spontaneity, expressiveness, idiosyncrasy” (p. 101). The participants were then interviewed using a Semi-structured Interview Questionnaire (SSIQ) and the interviews were then transcribed for IPA analysis. The “component process account” (Andrews-Hanna et al., 2014; Smallwood & Schooler, 2015, pp. Binswanger's early training was with Bleuler and Jung at a clinic in Zurich. The Phenomenological Concept of Experience (adapted from Cilesiz, 2010). For example, a phenomenological approach requires the researcher to achieve an in-depth understanding of the experiences of interviewees of the phenomenon under investigation – here a passive empathetic position is essential and the researcher simply collects and displays data with minimal analysis. Constance T. Fischer, in Comprehensive Clinical Psychology, 1998. The historical composition and presentation—the Darstellung—was no longer regarded as methodical and was now seen as the literary, artistic, or aesthetic component of history. In particularly some of the initial stages such as recognising a need for information are now sublimated into seeking for information. But if we understand method as methodos, as path or way, then we may indeed consider wonder an important motive in human science inquiry. He regarded therapy as an interpersonal encounter, and transference as a present encounter between the participants. (Association, 1989). Studies using different phenomenological methods have aimed at investigating the contents of thoughts and their interactions (Andrews-Hanna et al., 2013; Gorgolewski et al., 2014; Stawarczyk, Cassol, & D'Argembeau, 2013; Stawarczyk, Majerus, Maj, Van der Linden, & D'Argembeau, 2011; Tusche, Smallwood, Bernhardt, & Singer, 2014). Published in The Psychologist, August 2015. practice. Phenomenology and existentialism are related philosophical positions, with the first emphasizing the question “How to gather knowledge that respects the human life-world?” and the second emphasizing the question “How to live?”. Outside the mathematical sciences, the meaning of method is usually far less defined. Thus while libraries were still vital for the delivery of information literacy courses to their extant clients, there were many people who were not being reached. Mario Villena-González, Diego Cosmelli, in Creativity and the Wandering Mind, 2020. B. Levering, in International Encyclopedia of Education (Third Edition), 2010. A phenomenological model is a scientific model that describes the empirical relationship of phenomena to each other, in a way which is consistent with fundamental theory, but is not directly derived from theory. It is from this quasi-anthropological account that at least a sketch of an ethical theory can be discerned. Therefore, the archives (see Archives and Historical Databases) were usually considered the workshop of the professional historian. As previously discussed, there are several ways of collecting data for phenomenological research, including storytelling, tape-recording, documentary analysis and focus groups. This is not surprising in view of the fact that the project of phenomenology can be understood in a variety of ways. He regarded his own phenomenologically inspired Daseinsanalysis as remaining truer to Freud's insights than was Freud himself when Freud converted these insignts into the language of the prevailing natural sciences. Detailed and extensive examples of real research are included throughout to encourage an applied and critical understanding. In Part 2, Heidegger attempts to determine the form of Dasein’s possible authentic existence. Secondary sources consist of records written a considerable time after the fact and not by eyewitnesses (model: ‘hearsay’). There were also significant developments external to the United States in the following years. In closing this section, I offer several corrections of common misunderstandings. Phenomenological method posits that the identity of a . Five key conditions were identified for entry into the flow state: personality factors, including emotional resilience, openness to experience, absorption, and looseness of boundaries in thinking; a combination of motivational factors; physiological and psychological relaxation; becoming engaged with and focusing on the work; and maintaining a balance between the opposites of willing/not willing, thinking/not thinking, and audience awareness/unawareness. Indeed, my characterization of my own orientation is probably accurate for most phenomenological–existential practitioners: our philosophical orientation is phenomenological–existential; we make pluralistic use of developmental theories (such as those of Erikson, Sullivan, Kohut, etc. Skepticism (alias historical Phyrrhonism) had been fed by a large quantity of scriptural forgeries parading as original historical documents, primarily produced by competing churches and nobles to back up their claims to rights and property. The descriptive phenomenological psychological method. From “Learning from the ‘lifeworld’”. It is catagorized into the larger category of qualitative research that is not theory-driven, but rather discovers the relationships amongst phenomena. Likewise, the representational format of thoughts during mental imagery can affect attentional processing of external stimuli (Villena-González et al., 2016b). The experiential reduction requires that one avoids abstraction, theorizing, and generalization. Students are important consumers of the academic experience and Giorgi A (2008) Concerning a serious misunderstanding of the essence of the phenomenological method in psychology. Each began as a traditional (nonenvironmental) theory, but contained the necessary seed to be fruitful for environmental psychology: an emphasis on properties of stimuli. Instead, as Whitworth (2014) contends, Zurkowski’s work is a pro-liberal, managerial position identifying and advocating a suitable environment for economic and political liberalism. Unstructured in-depth phenomenological interviews supplemented by memoing, essays by participants, a focus group discussion and field notes were used. At the level of the hermeneutic reduction, the phenomenologist needs to reflect on his or her own preunderstandings, frameworks, and biases regarding the psychological, political, and ideological motivation and the nature of the question. This also held for history, in 1960s and 1970s regarded by many as one of the social sciences (Novick 1988, Appleby et al. They have provoked considerable basic research into the nature of environmental perception, but they have also been extended into the practical domains of city planning, park planning, and architecture. Practically, the hermeneutic reduction consists of reflectively examining and turning over in ones textual labor the various preunderstandings that seem to impinge on the reflective gaze. Therefore, the traditional claims to impartiality, truth, and trustworthiness of historians, dating back to classical Antiquity, were no longer believed, and were now replaced by a claim to impersonal and intersubjective method. Maslow (1971) and Laski (1961) provided accounts of such experiences in religious and non-religious contexts, such as during childbirth or athletic events, and while enjoying music, nature, or dancing. The purpose of phenomenological method is to uncover the genuine experience of the phenomenon under investigation; Colaizzi's method consists of seven steps. Although Heidegger’s work must be mentioned in any account of existentialist thought, it is ostensibly concerned primarily with ontology and not ethics. The experience of ‘oneness’ involves a structural wholeness, in the sense of a perception of a constant series of relations between the various elements of the experience (i.e., an enhanced sense of inter-connectedness). He respectfully bridged Freud's psychoanalytic method into phenomenological psychiatry. Information literacy does place a specific emphasis upon evaluation; however, the nature of the evaluation is variated by the level of study. Other important early figures working to develop phenomenological psychology at Duquesne include Rolf von Eckartsberg, Constance F. Fischer, and Paul F. Collaizi, with the latter developing his own phenomenological method, which is more hermeneutic than the Giorgi method. ‘Peak experiences’ are defined as moments of highest happiness and fulfillment. It is the future that contains countless possibilities and in which Dasein will realize its projects. For instance, it is well known that imagination can vary in representational format between visual, auditory, or even motor representations (Kosslyn et al., 2001). He advised allowing the patient to explore how he or she had lost his or her way, and he encouraged the patient's re-exploring our shared world, both in and beyond therapy sessions. In doing so, they sometimes must sacrifice a degree of experimental control, but in return they obtain data on the perception of real, complex settings through which the persons may move and feel a real connection. North American behaviorism and research design were quickly imported by academicians in Europe, Great Britain, and Scandanavia. In the United Kingdom, the Society of College, National and University Libraries (SCONUL) produced “Information skills in higher education: a SCONUL position paper” (SCONUL, 1999) [revised in 2011 (Bent & Stubbings, 2011)], a text which determined information literacy as a desired goal achieved through developing the seven core skills or ‘pillars.’ A key refinement of the seven pillars was the inclusion of the ability to ‘create.’ In the SCONUL model (which is aimed at higher education), an information literate person will be able to “contribute to the synthesis of existing information, to further develop ideas building on that synthesis, and, ultimately, create new knowledge” (SCONUL, 1999). In terms of the crude number of topics covered, the curriculum is primarily slanted heavily towards the development of media literacy and information literacy is directly addressed in only one of nine compulsory and two optional modules, though the skills information literacy develops would be needed in the other modules, they are primarily covered in a single module. In the eidetic reduction, patterns of meaning or themes seem to emerge. Nor do they emphasize dread and anguish. However, there is a slight refocusing in these descriptions. According to the dominant, Western conception of history since the nineteenth century, serious academic history can only be based on primary sources, because those are the only reliable source of information on the past. State the strategy then explain/Illustrate. This method was first conceived of by Edmund Husserl. One particular line of enquiry was to consider the ways school libraries could enhance the skills of students in dealing with information resources (Plotnick, 1999). Translated into 10 languages the MIL curriculum provided an educational framework, which would facilitate the development of skills in both information and media literacy. phenomenological analysis (Smith, 1996), for example, may seem to offer more pala-table alternatives in this regard. Hence phenomenological research has Angst is the vague feeling or mood that we experience when contemplating the finitude of our human existence. One of the next major developments was the publication in the United States of the Presidential Committee on Information Literacy: Final Report by the American Library Association (A.L.A.) Seignobos' Introduction aux études historiques (1897). It is an approach to psychological subject matter that has its roots in the phenomenological philosophical work of Edmund Husserl. According to the same nineteenth century Western conception, non-scriptural or ‘low’ cultures were primitive by definition and simply had no history comparable with ‘high cultures.’ In this way the scriptural, source based conception of historical method defined, and limited, the object of academic history to the history of ‘high cultures,’ especially the history of the West. (2013) found that future-oriented mind-wandering episodes differ from nonprospective thoughts mainly in four factors: representational format (inner speech vs. visual imagery), personal relevance, realism/concreteness, and structuration (Stawarczyk et al., 2013). A central feature of the experience is contact between the individual ego or persona and the Self in the Jungian sense of the unifying and identity-making center that subtends the ego. Moreover, such approaches were becoming codified and understood as specific systems – for example, Eisenberg’s Big6 system (Eisenberg & Berkowitz, 1990) offered a codified approach to information identification and retrieval. He opted out of an academic appointment, and instead served as director of a Swiss sanatorium (Bellevue), where over the years he hosted such foundational scholars as Husserl, Heidegger, Freud, Pfander, Scheler, Cassirer, and Buber. DESCRIPTIVE PHENOMENOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL METHOD: AN EXAMPLE OF A METHODOLOGY SECTION FROM DOCTORAL DISSERTATION Rodger E. Broomé Saybrook University This paper is the methodology section of my doctoral dissertation that outlines the Descriptive Phenomenological Psychological Method of research as it has been taught to me by Amedeo P. Giorgi. Both attempting to override the limits of our situations and settling for closed objectifications of self or others are inauthentic. Internal source criticism is actually textual criticism, i.e., the hermeneutic procedures by which a text is reconstructed (if it is passed down in an incomplete form or in several variants) as a whole and the textual procedures by which authorship and textual authenticity are checked and its meaning established. Other historians claimed that the concept of method had become severely overstretched, holding that most advertised methods in fact were theories about historical knowledge, which could only be checked by the historical method of source criticism. (As an example, this author used the method to exam-ine first incest disclosure [Donalek, 2001]). with an existential “why not?” (take your longings seriously, move on from stultifying stances, relate to others more intimately). approach utilizing a phenomenological method. In the following years, the scope of information literacy was subject to a further revision. A further work by Bruce (1997) offered a significant development to the field through approaching the topic not from a behaviourist perspective as had been done previously but by utilising more phenomenological methods, which focused upon how the user experienced information. He adopted Heidegger's distinction between “intervening care” and “anticipatory care,” that is, a distinction between intervening by making decisions, providing interpretations, giving advice, or administering medical treatment, and intervening by alerting the patient to his or her emerging possibilities. Binswanger later wrote of his productive error in applying Heidegger's notions directly to actual beings rather than understanding his characterizations as being about the nature of human Being. Rather, the reduction attempts to offer intimations of meaningfulness. A phenomenological study of this kind encourages psychiatric nurses to focus on patients' experiences. Both can be terribly constraining, as one avoids looking at continuing choice, lives in a past, and dreads the future. Phenomenological Studies of Constructs Related to Creativity. In addition, phenomenological determination of meaning is allusively and ultimately always indeterminate, always tentative, always incomplete, always inclined to question assumptions by returning again and again to lived experience itself, the beginnings of phenomenological inquiry. Amsterdam: North Holland, 385–396. Phenomenological Method . Their work has been of interest to like-minded psychiatrists and psychologists around the world. ‘Belief in the phenomenological paradigm is a fundamental appreciation of naturalistic inquiry, qualitative methods, inductive analysis, and holistic thinking.’ ‘The homeopathic community has done itself no ideological favours by splitting roughly along the scientific and phenomenological fault lines.’ It would last until the second half of the twentieth century before these Western biases in the very conception of historical method would be seriously criticized, especially by postcolonial theory (see Subaltern History). In the phenomenological reduction one needs to strip away the theoretical or scientific conceptions and thematizations that overlay the phenomenon one wishes to study, and that prevent one from seeing the phenomenon in a nonabstracting manner. It makes little sense, for example, as Harre´ (2004) has recently suggested within these pages, to However, the Final Report’s high-level origin within the professional librarian community resulted in it having significant impact and it led to the establishment of the National Forum on Information Literacy (NFIL) later in 1989, which advocated the mainstreaming of information literacy. It also involves a loss of distinction between the experiencer and the experienced, between the inner and outer worlds; it can be experienced as a transitional moment; the particular experience can symbolize the more general “rhythms of life” (p. 250); it can involve a sense of expansion of personal presence; there can be a flowing quality to the experience; and language can seem to be an inadequate means of describing the experience. In both cases Heidegger's Dasein— humans' always being in relation—was taken up at an existential rather than at an ontological level. When we are struck with wonder we seem to have evaporated momentarily our present preoccupations. Keywords phenomenology, human science, method, psychology, description Introduction My training as a psychologist was experimental, and more specifijically, psy-chophysical. He suggests that this experience, referred to as ‘flow,’ is composed of nine main elements: there are clear goals every step of the way; there is immediate feedback to one's actions; there is a balance between challenges and skills; action and awareness are merged; distractions are excluded from consciousness; there is no worry of failure; self-consciousness disappears; the sense of time becomes distorted; and the activity becomes autotelic. He regarded dreams as reflecting one's relations, that is, one's lived worlds, and as indicating openings to future choices. Characteristically, Bodin's treatise intended to establish the ways by which reliable knowledge of the past could be established by checking sources against one another and by so assessing the reliability of the information conveyed by them, relating them to the interests involved. Like Binswanger, Boss consistently attends to the patient's matrices of meaning, or lived worlds, as the place where the patient can experience invitations for new possibilities. There exist many philosophical investigations and explications of the reduction that can make this topic complex and confusing. A phenomenological description attempts to depict the structure of first person lived experience, rather than theoretically explain it. The eidetic reduction differs from concept analysis in that the reduction does not claim to clarify linguistically the boundaries of a phenomenon or how a concept is being used in different contexts. Phenomenological studies grounded in the personal and subjective perspective. Indeed, for any research project one must examine the available theories and discuss the body of knowledge about the topic. Phenomenology in the modern sense of the term is dated from 1900 when E. Husserl published Logical Investigations (1900/1970), Phenomenology within psychology (or phenomenological psychology) is the psychological study of subjective experience. Does this phrase resonate with our prereflective sensibilities? Susan Perry (1998) examined flow experiences in 62 regularly publishing writers. He collated his findings across instances of those ways of being-in-the-world we call schizophrenia, mania, and melancholia. This is a search for genuine openness to engage in a conversational relation with the phenomenon. It focuses on research questions such as what it is like to experience a particular situation. Free association and dream analysis uncover not just the past, but previously resisted futures, which now become newly possible in the context of an authentic, caring relationship. These ‘methods’ in philosophy, however, do not constitute defined formal rules for specified ranges of problem solving, but constitute complex sets of ideas, concepts, and rules of thumb on how to analyze specified domains, such as: ‘Method’ in philosophy, thus, is definitely not identical with a set of formal techniques, but a loosely circumscribed research program. The e-book also explains all stages of the research process starting from the selection of the research area to writing personal reflection. Descriptive Phenomenological Psychological Method An DESCRIPTIVE PHENOMENOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL METHOD: AN EXAMPLE OF A METHODOLOGY SECTION FROM DOCTORAL DISSERTATION Rodger E. Broomé Saybrook University This paper is the methodology section of my doctoral dissertation that outlines the Descriptive Phenomenological In other words, a phenomenological model is not derived from first principles. Environmental perception has been studied using verbal reports, time-sampling, behavioral inference, phenomenological methods, and combinations of these. Such a definition simplifies the task of information literacy is to four key aspects: to seek, evaluate, use and create information for the users’ needs. Phenomenological inquiry continually edifies a wondering attitude of attentiveness. She found that writers identified flow experiences as central to their work and that they often actively constructed conditions that facilitated entry into this state. Following Zurkowski’s work, Burchinal (1976) is considered to have advanced the field further by shifting attention to the educational aspects of information literacy and identifying specific skills (Eisenberg et al., 2004; Pinto, Cordón & Gómez Díaz, 2010; Whitworth, 2014). What does this mean? From the 1920s to the 1960s, while North American psychiatry imported psychoanalytic theory and method, and North American psychology developed behaviorism and diagnostic assessment instruments, a significant segment of European psychiatry created an approach that addressed the work of both Freud and Heidegger (see Spiegelberg's (1972) Phenomenology in psychology and psychiatry: A historical introduction). Phenomenological themes are the working material for phenomenological writing. Therefore, a closer look at the relationship between historical method and theories is necessary. One seeks refuge in the crowd or what Heidegger calls the “they” or “das Man” in order to escape from the question of one’s own being. This research has shown that phenomenological dimensions of mind wandering can be structured around a reduced number of factors and that their interaction may shape the global experience of mind wandering. The second step in the methodology of phenomenological research is, “bracket and interpret researcher bias and expectations” (Campbell, Introductive Methods to Qualitative Research: Course Notes, n.d., p. 4). Unfortunately, with a few notable exceptions this critical potential within information literacy was not widely expanded upon in the following years. The project is forthright in its link between MIL and democracy and its advocacy of certain democratic principles such as the peer-communication of information between citizens. Following how mood can be affected by the content of thoughts, Ruby et al. While information literacy is still a positive factor, the benefits to the individual’s personal good are highlighted rather than the primary national level, economic benefit identified by Whitworth (2014) in Zurkowski’s (1974) initial determination. In our example study, we accept that the object of the phenomena is educational uses of social media in classroom. Phenomenological inquiry is continually oriented to the beginning, to the concrete, to experience as lived. This text was itself a consequence of a series of reports which established a model of lack in US schooling with regards to the development of a particular set of skills (Plotnick, 1999). 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